In which year was total communication associated with mainstreaming?

The association of total communication with mainstreaming took place in 1970. Total communication is an approach that incorporates various methods of communication, including sign language, spoken language, gestures, and other visual aids, to accommodate the diverse needs of Deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals. This approach became particularly relevant during the mainstreaming movement, which emphasized the inclusion of Deaf students into regular educational settings.

The year 1970 is significant because it marked a turning point where educators began advocating for more inclusive practices, recognizing that a combination of communication strategies better served the needs of Deaf learners. This was in line with broader educational reforms that sought to integrate students with disabilities into general education classrooms, thereby promoting social interaction and accessibility.

Other years, while notable in the history of education and Deaf culture, do not specifically align with the formal association of total communication and mainstreaming practices as clearly as 1970 does.